Singing Judith's song

By Deirdre Good

The Daily Office, the daily common worship experience of professionals and proficients in many mainline Christian denominations, incorporates the Song of Judith as one of the Canticles we sing on a regular schedule (the asterisks denote a pause):

A Song of Judith

I will sing a new song to my God, *
for you are great and glorious, wonderful in strength, invincible.
Let the whole creation serve you, *
for you spoke and all things came into being.
You sent your breath and it formed them, *
no one is able to resist your voice.
Mountains and seas are stirred to their depths, *
rocks melt like wax at your presence.
But to those who fear you, *
you continue to show mercy.
No sacrifice, however fragrant, can please you, *
but whoever fears the Lord shall stand in your sight for ever.

A canticle is any song in the biblical text other than Psalms. Based on Judith 16:13-16, the Song of Judith is part of a larger song forming a conclusion to the astonishing tale of Judith's defeat by decapitation of the Assyrian General Holofernes. But the canticle we sing in the Daily office extolling God for the defeat of God's enemies, powerful as it is, has been severed from its connection with the wider context of Judith's song and its recapitulation of the deeds of her hands. Do we recognize that Judith sings a new song celebrating the omnipotent Lord who set enemies aside at the hand of a woman? Can we who sing it hear the textual echoes and transformations of God's spirit in Exodus not now being sent to drown the Egyptians but to effect the creation of the world?

The fuller version of the Song of Judith (Judith 16:1-17) celebrates in song the earlier prose form of the narrative of the book of Judith in which Judith celebrates the deliverance of Israel from her enemies. At the same time, the complete version of the Song of Judith draws in form and content on other biblical songs of deliverance by God sung by women such as the Song of the Sea in Exodus 15 (attributed to Moses but now widely recognized to have been sung by Miriam and the women of Israel), and the Song of Deborah in Judges 5. And the Song of Judith in Greek anticipates the Song of Mary or the Magnificat in Luke's Gospel in the New Testament.

We know that Judith quotes the Greek text of Exodus: Judith 16:2 states, "For the Lord is a God who crushes wars," an allusion not to the Hebrew but to the Greek version of Exodus 15:3, "The Lord crushes wars, the Lord is his name." In the Hebrew text, Yahweh is a man of war but in the Greek text, the Lord crushes wars. This situates intertextuality at the level of the Greek text, not the Hebrew.

Exodus 15:10 describes God's "spirit" as potency and power for destruction: "You sent your spirit; it covered them: sea clothed like lead in violent water." Spirit in Exodus covers and drowns. But the same phrase, "You sent your spirit" appears in Judith as direct borrowing with different application: the spirit in Judith 16:14 creates: "You sent your spirit, and it built them up, and there is no one who will withstand your voice".

Specific to the Song of Miriam and the Song of Judith is the enemy threat of the sword in the hand: Ex. 15:9 describes the aggression of the Egyptians, "The enemy said, 'I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them'". Similarly, Judith describes the boast of Israel's enemies at 16:4: "He said he would set my territory ablaze and dispatch my young men with the sword". Yet when Israel's enemy is routed in Judith, it is not by the hand of God but by the hand of a woman holding a particular short sword.

Miriam's song celebrates a victory wrought by the hand of another, her brother. In Miriam's song, the sword is wielded by God; but Judith wields the sword of deliverance herself. In a sense, there is an identification of Judith with God so that she embodies God's triumph.

We can now reflect on the difference this makes to our corporate worship. Worship embodies human beliefs about God. Recognizing that the language of war, subjugation and victory undergirds worship intrinsically, we can restore to the Song of Judith the meaning of God's actions on behalf of a broken and subordinate people by the hand of an inferior and marginalized woman. And we can thereby begin to redeem language of war in worship.

Dr. Deirdre Good is professor of New Testament at The General Theological Seminary, specializing in the Synoptic Gospels, Christian Origins, Noncanonical writings and biblical languages. While she is an American citizen, she grew up in Kenya and loves marmite which may explain certain features of her blog, On Not Being a Sausage.

Comments (12)

Ray Brown, of blessed memory, taught his GTS students that the asterisk at the end of a line in the psalms and canticles marks a shift in the melodic line of the chant when they are properly sung, not a pause when they are read.

Are we now to surrender his asteriskian orthodoxy once, for all, delivered to the saints to this new rampant liberalism that tears and rips and rends every piece of paper imprinted with Anglican Chant?

And what about the Song of Deborah?

O Tempora! O mores! We see again the fall of classical certainties to relativistic revisionism concerning our most treasured liturgical practices! As the true home of the chanting of the psalms and canticles is in an antiphonally divided choir, whilst using plainchant the verses alternate. The dean's side begins a new verse seamlessly as the cantor's side concludes it and vice versa. Hence the asterisk serves as the point where the singing side pauses to take a deep breath in order to finish the verse.

What is this new-fangled "Anglican Chant" of which you speak? :-D

Hi Deirdre,
Thanks for this reminder! You point to one of the features of Enriching Our Worship that has great potential--a proliferation of canticles to help us learn the songs and stories with which many of us are unfamiliar. Classically we Anglicans have used a small and restricted set of canticles; the Roman offices (particular as formalized by the recent (1911) renovations of Pius X) have always had more canticles than we have. The Song of Judith was traditionally sung on festal Wednesdays according to that scheme; ferial Wednesdays received another of my favorites, the Song of Hannah--another song that anticipates Mary's Magnificat.

Thank you, Derek.
And Paul, how many years did Ray Brown spend singing, or saying (when the choir was too small or tuneless) seven offices a day seven days a week, including Psalm 119 in its entirety daily, antiphonally in a monastic order? I would suggest that, blessed memory or no, his authority is limited.
Trust me, you pause at the asterisk, preferably long enough to pray silently "Jesu mercy." You do *not* pause at the period (Deirdre never suggests pausing at the period). The period, as Derek points out, is where the other side comes in, almost on top of the first side, catching the psalm as it is passed back and forth without letting a nanosecond drop between verses.

(Editor's note: Jules, we need your full name next time.

Oh, good grief. We're huffing and puffing about the meaning of *? Isn't to each his own good enough? I'm disheartened by this sideshow - seems to happen too often in the church.

The topic is the Song of Judith.

Oh c'mon, John--Paul wrote in jest and I responded in kind. And commented on the topic at hand. I see nothing wrong with a little liturgical banter as long as the main point isn't obscured...

I'm dense. My apologies.

I know it's silly and reactionary, but, you know: "An asterisk divides each verse into two parts for reading or chanting In reading, a distinct pause should be made at the asterisk, blessed Raymond Brown notwithstanding" (BCP p. 583 - whoops, the editor of my BCP seems to have left off that last bit.)

By the way, at OJN we pause at the asterisk for FOUR (long) seconds whether chanting or reading the Psalms. [That means one says "Lord Jesus" silently three times and then takes a breath.] And we "shingle" the end-and-beginning of verses.

Anglican Chant? is that something new that Akinola and Duncan are pushing?

(Hey, Father--say something about the Song of Judith or John will yell at us again!)

Off topic, oldie but goodie:

Anglican weather forecast,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4z2jwDcb9wI

I did not measure the pause.

In some districts it is rather dense.

John-Julian,

Ray Brown lived in the days of the traditional, orthodox 1928 Book of Common Prayer before such revisionist rubrics. In his day the plain and Anglican chanting of the psalms in the Chapel of the Good Shepherd rose to heights as described in the novel, "The Innocent Curate," as rivaling that of the Volga Boatmen.

Dear Dr. Deirdre, mea culp for a little Lenten silliness. Your article is a fascinating and welcome take on the Song of Judith.

Is there a Godly Play telling of the story of Judith?

Seriously, growing up in a strongly Evangelical environment and in a Sunday School where a lot of hair-raising stories got told to children, Judith's story never made the curriculum. Not her setting the enemy general up to think he was going to seduce her, not the storyteller's careful ambiguoity (did she sleep with him?), not his drunken stupor, and not her saying a prayer, summoning all her physical strength and behading him with his own sword.

Along with showing just how daring (and not pious or moralistic) the scripture writers and Hebrew tradition could be in honoring a truly fearless woman, the story puts a new face on Biblical heroism.

In contrast to the family values, conservative morals reading of the Bible, Judith's story turns purity on its head and makes a very good case for situation ethics.

I particularly like it that Judith returns from her victory to numerous marriage proposals. The text has already made clear that she was a very attractive woman. What's great about the additional storytelling detail is that all those suitors (whom she turns down) are moved by her heroism and her honor, so her heroic risk and probable personal sacrifice didn't dis-honor her at all.

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